Cross Site Port Attacks - XSPA - Part 1

This is the first of a 3 part series of blog posts that explain Cross Site Port Attacks(XSPA) in greater detail. I disclosed this as a speaker at the recently concluded OWASP AppSecUSA2012, Austin and thought it was about time I blogged as well.

Read Cross Site Port Attacks - XSPA - Part 2
Read Cross Site Port Attacks - XSPA - Part 3

Update: Please note that this is independent research conducted as part of my involvement with Bug Bounty programs with several companies and although related to Alexander Polyakov's research on SSRF, the similarity in findings are merely a coincidence and are focused on showing how common XSPA/SSRF are in popular web applications.

Overview

Many web applications provide functionality to pull data from other webservers for various reasons. Using user specified URLs, web applications can be made to fetch images, download XML feeds from remote servers, text based files etc. This functionality can be abused by making crafted queries using the vulnerable web application as a proxy to attack other services running on remote/local servers. Attacks arising via this abuse of functionality are named as Cross Site Port Attacks (XSPA). 

What is XSPA? 

An application is vulnerable to Cross Site Port Attacks if the application processes user supplied URLs and does not verify/sanitize the backend response received from remote servers before sending it back to the client. An attacker can send crafted queries to a vulnerable web application to proxy attacks to external Internet facing servers, intranet devices and the web server itself using the advertised functionality of the vulnerable web application. The responses, in certain cases, can be studied to identify service availability (port status, banners etc.) and even fetch data from remote services in unconventional ways.

The following screengrab shows gravatar.com providing this functionality:

XSPA allows attackers to abuse available functionality in most web applications to port scan intranet and external Internet facing servers, fingerprint internal (non-Internet exposed) network aware services, perform banner grabbing, identify web application frameworks, exploit vulnerable programs, run code on reachable machines, exploit web application vulnerabilities listening on internal networks, read local files using the file protocol and much more. XSPA has been discovered with Facebook, where it was possible to port scan any Internet facing server using Facebook’s IP addresses. Consecutively, XSPA was also discovered in several other prominent web applications on the Internet, including Google, Apigee, StatMyWeb, Mozilla.org, Face.com, Pinterest, Yahoo, Adobe Omniture and several others. We will take a look at the vulnerabilities that were present in the above mentioned web applications that could be used to launch attacks and perform port scans on remote servers and intranet devices using predefined functionality.

Examples of Implementation

Let us look at some examples of PHP implementations of file fetching via user supplied URLs. XSPA affects web applications written in any language as long as they let users decide where the data would be fetched from. Please note the examples shown below are neither clean nor secure, however most of the parts of the code outlined below have been obtained from real world application sources.

1.    PHP file_get_contents:

<?php
if (isset($_POST['url']))
{
$content = file_get_contents($_POST['url']);
$filename = './images/'.rand().'img1.jpg';
file_put_contents($filename, $content);
echo $_POST['url']."";
$img = "<img src=\"".$filename."\"/>";
}
echo $img;
?>

This implementation fetches data as requested by a user (an image in this case) using the file_get_contents PHP function and saves it to a file with a randomly generated filename on the disk. The HTML img attribute then displays the image to the user.

2.    PHP fsockopen() function:

<?php
function GetFile($host,$port,$link)
{
$fp = fsockopen($host, intval($port), $errno, $errstr, 30);
if (!$fp) {
echo "$errstr (error number $errno) \n";
} else {
$out = "GET $link HTTP/1.1\r\n";
$out .= "Host: $host\r\n";
$out .= "Connection: Close\r\n\r\n";
$out .= "\r\n";
fwrite($fp, $out);
$contents='';
while (!feof($fp)) {
$contents.= fgets($fp, 1024);
}
fclose($fp);
return $contents;
}
}
?>

This implementation fetches data as requested by a user (any file or HTML) using the fsockopen PHP function. This function establishes a TCP connection to a socket on the server and performs a raw data transfer.

3.    PHP curl_exec() function:

<?php
if (isset($_POST['url']))
{
$link = $_POST['url'];
$curlobj = curl_init();
curl_setopt($curlobj, CURLOPT_POST, 0);
curl_setopt($curlobj,CURLOPT_URL,$link);
curl_setopt($curlobj, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
$result=curl_exec($curlobj);
curl_close($curlobj);

$filename = './curled/'.rand().'.txt';
file_put_contents($filename, $result);
echo $result;
}
?>

This is another very common implementation that fetches data using cURL via PHP. The file/data is downloaded and stored to disk under the 'curled' folder and appended with a random number and the '.txt' file extension.


In the next part of this series, we shall see some of the attacks that can be launched using this vulnerbility. XSPA allows attackers to target the server infrastructure, mostly the intranet of the web server, the web server itself and any public Internet facing server as well. Currently, I have come across the following five different attacks that can be launched using XSPA:

1. Port Scanning remote Internet facing servers, intranet devices and the local web server itself. Banner grabbing is also possible in some cases.
2. Exploiting vulnerable programs running on the Intranet or on the local web server
3. Attacking internal/external web applications that are vulnerable to GET parameter based vulnerabilities (SQLi via URL, parameter manipulation etc.)
4. Fingerprinting intranet web applications using standard application default files & behavior
5. Reading local web server files using the file:/// protocol handler.

We will see examples of each of these scenarios in several prominent web applications on the Internet as well.